My Husband Let Don Jr. - 1498 Words

â€Å"My husband let Don Jr., talk shit that will get the whole family killed,† Gladys spoke. â€Å"Nobody’s going to get killed here,† Racine promised. â€Å"I just want you two to learn your lessons on how to treat people’s relatives in your working environment and not take your lives or theirs for granted,† said Racine. For the first time since her capture Gladys apologized to Rebecca. â€Å"I am sorry for what I did with your husband. As you can see – my hus-band shuts down. He’s hard core. He does not show love and when he rapes me it hurts,† sad Gladys. Both Racine and Rebecca hugged Gladys from their sides of the huge black leather couch. Racine had intended to release everybody â€Å"You’re a good girl Racine,† Gladys said. â€Å"I was so proud of how you took care of ICE. Your mother thought the world about you,† Gladys stated. Rebecca, still disappointed about how she was represented at the news conference, apologized for the first time. â€Å"I was wrong for not getting the glasses. Gladys had told me to go get them the night before and I forgot because my husband had not come home that night until 30 minutes before I was due at work. It wasn’t until Gladys sent me upstairs that I remembered that I had not purchased the glasses for ICE,† Rebecca admitted. All was forgiven. Rebecca and Gladys would be going home -as soon as Racine, was done building her sister’s confidence. The Ugly Baby While Racine struggled to create a master plan to end her relationship with Juice, she was glad that Ray toldShow MoreRelatedThe For Punishment - Original Writing Essay1416 Words   |  6 Pagesto move back to Canada and it was in my 17th year just when I was sitting my Highers, the Scottish exams to say you had graduated from High School. We sold our beautiful house and had to live with Dad s Aunty Rose in a one bedroom house. All four of us and Aunty Rose living in a one bedroom house. What a nightmare. Aunt Rose and her neighbours loved to gossip. They preferred my sister, Talida who was â€Å"so much like, dad† and they hated me â€Å" so much like my mom† It was because Mom and I wereRead MorePeople At A Low Wage2317 Words   |  10 Pagesthe ghetto. Andrew declares how white people were not willing to rent or give African Americans a decent land to build homes on because they didn t want them to become a part of their communities (Wiese). Whites would do i nappropriate behaviors to let Blacks know they wanted them to leave and were not welcomed. Meanwhile Whites lived with amenities, most Blacks lived in poor conditions and paycheck to paycheck. Most African Americans had low wage jobs and were limited to employment opportunitiesRead MoreMalcolm X : A Life Of Reinvention1180 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Klansmen shouted threats and warnings at her that we better get out of town because ‘the good Christian white people’ were not going to stand for my father’s ‘spreading trouble’ among the ‘good’ Negroes of Omaha.† Malcolm wrote this in his autobiography Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention, describing at the early age of six his first run in with the Ku Klux Klan. Due to his father’s, Earl Little, civil rights activism, the family had frequent harassment from a multitude of white supremacist groupsRead MoreEssay On Abigail Williams1743 Words   |  7 Pagesthe occupation of their future husbands. Even though this version is perpetrated in historical works and literature, there is no record of any sort of group fortune telling in Parris s household or linkage between Tituba, voodoo, and the girls. Reverend Hale, a local minister, revealed in his 1702 work, Modest Enquiry into the Nature of Witchcraft, that he knew one of the afflicted girls had experimented with fortune-telling in order to find out her future husband s profession, but Reverend HaleRead MoreFruition : A Long Journey Accomplished1476 Words   |  6 Pagesdissertation to fruition was a long journey accomplished only because of the contributed efforts of many. I thank my committee—Vance Holliday, Jay Quade, Vic Baker, Barbara Mills, and Jeff Dean—for all their help, guidance, and encouragement. I feel lucky to have worked under the supervision of such an eminent group of researchers. I especially appreciate my advisor Vance Holliday, who was supportive of my decision to pursue an independent and initially unfunded project. This research was funded by a handfulRead MoreThe Movie Have And The Haves Not Essay2648 Words   |  11 Pagesof it is the truth that he is sharing to help the up and coming ones on how to handle life in terms of the fore mentioned scenes he has been building into other lives. One of his touching movie that has changed my life is the movie â€Å"have and the haves not†. This is a movie that has changed my perception of how to be very faithful to a partner whether in marriage, dating, as workers, friends etc., no matter whatever the circumstances both of you go through. It has made me understand how being faithfulRead MoreWhat Are The Risks?1525 Words   |  7 Pagesthe best for her family, especially the unborn child inside her, but she s not exactly sure of the questions to ask, let alone the consequences of her decisions. The doctors voice rings out again waking her from her internal struggle, Do you think you d like medication during the birthing process or would you like to adopt a more natural approach? She looks again to her husband whose vacant stare has become all too familiar during these medical visits. This was the encounter that I had whenRead MoreBarack Obam The Improbable Journey2209 Words   |  9 PagesAs you might imagine, for Barack, running for president is nothing compared to that first game of basketball with my brother, Craig. I can t tell you how much it means to have Craig and my mom here tonight. Like Craig, I can feel my dad looking down on us, just as I ve felt his presence in every grace-filled moment of my life. At 6-foot-6, I ve often felt like Craig was looking down on me too ... literally. But the truth is, both when we were kids and today, he wasn t looking down on me. HeRead MoreEssay on Tragic Flaws in Oedipus the King3561 Words   |  15 Pagesdisagrees with the above critic, and agrees with Aristotle’s analysis. In his essay â€Å"On Misunderstanding the Oedipus the King,† E. R. Dodds takes the reader back to Aristotle in his consideration of this question of the flaw: I shall take Aristotle as my starting point. . . . From the thirteenth chapter of the Poetics we learn that the best sort of tragic hero is a man highly esteemed and prosperous who falls into misfortune because of some serious hamartia: examples, Oedipus and Thyestes. In Aristotle’sRead MoreDivision and Classification Essay Smaples1968 Words   |  8 Pagesthe large mall stores. Finally, they drift away, their arms wrapped around each other s waist. Mom, Dad, little Jenny, and Fred, Jr., visit the mall on Friday and Saturday evenings for inexpensive recreation. Hearing the music of the antique carousel housed there, Jenny begs to ride her favorite pony with its shining golden mane. Shouting I m starving! Fred, Jr., drags the family toward the food court, where he detects the seductive odor of pizza. Mom walks through a fabric store, running her

Globalization In Cuba Essay - 1883 Words

Globalisation and the economy are two ideas that are interchangeable with one another. Viewed not as a single concept or process as it encompasses multiple components globalisation looks at economic integration; the transfer of policies across borders; the transmission of knowledge and cultural stability it is a global process (Al-Rodhan Stoudmann, 2006). The best representation of globalisation is the process in which businesses create international influence where they can then begin to operate on a global scale (Al-Rodhan Stoudmann, 2006). A country that succeeds in globalisation is one that will become an economic force in the world. Third world countries like Cuba have some of the worst economies in the world because of poor†¦show more content†¦In the case of Cuba and the United States globalisation refers to the increased economic integration between these two countries. Nonetheless, with little doubt among economists it can show that used effectively globalisation has produced significant gains at the global level. However, there is a threat that globalisation can intensify the gap between rich and poor between a country and across nations. Globalisations linked to politics as it is an integral part of a government process since the government can shape or limit the possibilities for private entrepreneurship (Dreher, Gaston Martens, 2010). Politics influences the globalisation of a country because of the international relations between countries. As a result, third world countries are seen as obsolete and constricted because they are considered ineffective by having too many transnational connections and not having the ability to grow and gain international connections (Haynes). Third world countries like Cuba who are economically weak will have a harder time being incorporated into the global world and therefore politically, the country will not excel as much as it could. A country’s affected economically by globalisation as the flow of goods and services and factors of production have both direct and indirect effects on a nation state (Dreher, Gaston Martens, 2010). Globalisation has theShow MoreRelatedThe Political Of Political Globalization938 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization refers to the â€Å"process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and government of different nations†. Globalization can be broken into three parts: economic, political, and cultural. This essay will be focusing in the political part of globalization. When it comes to the topic political globalization, we tend to think of countries coming together to discuss global issues that are affecting every single individual in this world. Indeed, it is true, political globalizationRead MoreAn Analysis of the Factors That Work to Bind and Separate North Central and South America1601 Words   |  6 Pagesover the world are taking world regions just like The Americas for granted. Supported by the work of countless academics, this essay attempts to discuss the factors that bind the North, Central and South regions of America together, as well as, the numerous factors that divide the region up. Some of the factors that work to unite the region are the trend of globalization which is fueled by free trade as well as cultural items such as religion. The main division between North and South America seemsRead MorePsci 140 Essay1016 Words   |  5 Pageshomelands† Severe restrictions on freedom ! * Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa) Heritages of Apartheid Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) Unravel the truth using amnesty * Economic, political, and social globalization 1. International trade Foreign direct investment (FDI) Liberalization of labor Advantages? A broader market, competition, innovation, specialization, lower cost, job opportunities Disadvantages? â€Å"Offshoring† of jobs, â€Å"Race to the bottom† Read MoreThe Cross Boarder Movements Of Good, Services And Resources1480 Words   |  6 Pages Question 1. In a short essay discuss why government have been liberalizing cross-boarder movements of good, services and resources. As we learned in the course international business is growing more and more for every year. Today 25% of all business is international business. This has almost forced countries and their governments to change the laws and regulations around cross boarder movement of goods, services and resources. As access is easier now for everyday costumers to international goodRead MoreThe Deviant Globalization From Gilman s Perspective1422 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization is a developmental process of transnational integration, which mainly reflects on the economic aspect. The moral standards and legal systems in different regions are changing differently along with the progress of the society. However, when mentioned globalization, people mostly refer to mainstream globalization. Deviant globalization- the rebarbative dark side of the global economy- is ignored constantly. There is a distinctive evaluation from Nils Gilman- deviant globalization isRead MoreBuying Solar Powered Lanterns On Th e Beautiful Tropical Island Nation Of Jamaica1382 Words   |  6 PagesFor the Business Opportunity Analysis Paper, I am trying to sell solar powered lanterns on the beautiful tropical island nation of Jamaica. It is located South of Cuba and West of Haiti in the Caribbean islands. Jamaica may have some economic, cultural, and political issues that can hurt business, but I have quite a few strategies and tricks up my sleeve to overcome those problems that will make my business prosper. In fact, I think the reason why Jamaica would be a great place to sell the productRead MoreCoca Cola Company Challenges And Solutions1111 Words   |  5 Pagesdue to Globalization. John Pemberton founds the Company in the 1880s in the United States of America with a good reputation for consistency and high quality, in the early stage storekeepers requested for an attractive package with brand recognition. Coca-Cola Company focuses and meets those requests with a brand name Coca-Cola and a red and white attractive package with a uniform taste of the product across the country. This became some of the foundation strategies of the company. Globalization in Coca-ColaRead MoreGEA2000 REVIEW Essay example2065 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿GEA 2000 Fall 2013 Exam # 1 Review Questions* Introduction chapter and Globalization (PPT) 1. Alfred Wegeners supercontinent is known as: Pangaea 2. The process by which a tectonic plate consisting of less heavy rock rides up over a heavier plate is known as: Subduction 3. The current interglacial period is known as the: Holocene 4. Which water body is surrounded by a geologically-active Ring of Fire: The Pacific Ocean 5. Which of the following locations is notRead MoreAmerican Imperialism Then and Now: Diffusion of the American Culture1337 Words   |  6 Pagesthe United States to span its boarders from east coast to west coast. This would indoctrinate people all across the U.S. in the â€Å"American Way†, which was held by Americans as the right and just way to live. Fredrick Jackson Turner describes in his essay â€Å"The Significance of the Frontier in American History† the way that the frontier takes a modern man and acutely regresses him into a savage, and then as the settlement moves forth, the now-savage man is slowly and steadily progressed back into a modernRead MoreEssay on Exam 1 Study Guide COMPLETE2069 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿GEA 2000 Spring 2015 Exam # 1 Review Questions* Introduction chapter, Globalization (PPT), â€Å"Guns, Germs, and Steel† (video). 1. What is geography? 2. Which of the following statements best defines environmental determinism? 3. Which of the following statements best defines possibilism? 4. Which of the following statements illustrates environmental determinism? 5. Which of the following statements illustrates possibilism? 6. Which of the following examples best defines the role of

Abandoned Dog’s 3-Year Wait for Owners Ends in Finding a New Home Free Essays

†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ENG 101H December 2, 2012 ABANDONED DOG’S 3-YEAR WAIT FOR OWNERS ENDS WITH NEW HOME The story that I want to share today is regarding an abandoned dog that waited three years for his owners to return to their house. When moving to another town, Chen was left abandoned in the house. He wondered around the property for three years, waiting for them to come back, sleeping in the carport and scavenging food scraps from a nearby grocery store. We will write a custom essay sample on Abandoned Dog’s 3-Year Wait for Owners Ends in Finding a New Home or any similar topic only for you Order Now After years of waiting, a neighbor told Lisa Rendstrom from Chap’s Chow Rescue Foundation what was happening to Chen. She came to the site and bit by bit gained the dog’s trust and affection. She took him the their shelter where she started searching for a new owner to adopt the wonderful animal. It didn’t take long, because Ben Rupp saw his photo online, immediately felt a connection between them and flew to Georgia to take him. Chen is happy now, having a new home in Ohio, with an owner who fell in love with him the moment he saw him. This story reminds me of a movie that is one of the most emotional movie that I have even seen : â€Å"Hachi, a dog tale†. Based on a true story from Japan, Richard Gere stars this great movie as a college professor who finds an abandoned dog and takes the poor lost animal in. The film follows the two as the man and animal soon form a strong and unexplainable bond. Every morning, the dog used to walk his owner to the train station and expect for him to arrive back from work, in the afternoon. But when, one day, the owner doesn’t arrive, having suffered a heart-attack and died at work, the dog keeps waiting in the train station for him. Days pass and the animal would not leave, even though his owner’s family put efforts in getting him home. The dog kept returning in the morning and in the afternoon, waiting for the train to arrive and his owner. After nine years of waiting in the same place, he dies in the train station. Hachi is a film about loyalty and the rare, invincible bonds that occasionally form almost instantaneously in the most unlikely places. Although most people are aware that there are more dogs and cats being born than there are people willing to adopt them, the actual number of unwanted dogs and cats is staggering. About 62 percent of all households in the United States have a pet and about 78. 2 million dogs and about 86. 4 million cats are owned in the United States. (ASPCA. org) Approximately 5 million to 7 million companion animals enter animal shelters nationwide every year, and approximately 3 million to 4 million are euthanized (60 percent of dogs and 70 percent of cats). (AnimalWorldNetwork. com) The connection that forms between a human and his pet animal cannot be described in words. But the question remains: Do our dogs feel the same things that we feel? In â€Å"The Botany of Desire,† author Michael Pollan observes that there are tens of millions of dogs in North America and only ten thousand wolves. He asks, â€Å"So what does the dog know about getting along in this world that its wild ancestor doesn’t? † The best explanation for everything canine, from the evolution of the wolf to the domestication of the dog — to the incredible emotional relationship that has emerged between the modern pet and its owner — is that dogs feel what we feel. Dogs have long been considered â€Å"man’s best friend,† and they have certainly earned the title. The bond between humans and canines is unmistakable. Since the domestication of the dog, people have been drawn to them (and they to us). Dogs have helped us in so many ways and expect little in return. They have hunted with us, kept vermin and pests away, served the military and police, assisted the disabled, and faithfully remained our loyal companions. In turn, we care for them and maintain good quality of life. This is more than a fair trade. The bond you have with your dog begins the moment he comes into your life and never stops growing. And the two materials presented above prove that this is a â€Å"till death do us part† bond! The link to the web-material is: http://www. mnn. com/family/pets/stories/abandoned-dogs-3-year-wait-for-owners-ends-with-new-home Works Cited AnimalWorldNetwork. com. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. animalworldnetwork. com/bsurpetstat. html ASPCA. org. (n. d. ). Retrieved December 2, 2012, from www. apsca. org How to cite Abandoned Dog’s 3-Year Wait for Owners Ends in Finding a New Home, Papers

Challenges Remain After Marriage Equality -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Challenges Remain After Marriage Equality? Answer: Introduction A sustainable enterprise can be defined as a business which takes into account such processes that creates minimal negative impact on the local or global environment, society, community or economy. In other words, a sustainable business is the one that strives to meet the triple bottom line The maintenance of a monitoring system is done by the high level managers of the organization who possess special skills for maintaining it. The different dimensions of an organization are represented in the various aspects of the monitoring system namely socio- cultural, economic and environmental dimension which can be measured by effective indicators. This report focuses on the three dimensions of sustainability namely socio- cultural, economic and environmental of an enterprise which is a bank in Australia named Bank Australia along with the detailed description of the enterprise, application of these sustainability indicators to the enterprise and the list of indicators which can assist in the monitoring of the specified dimension. The Enterprise- Bank Australia Bank Australia, formerly known as bankmecu and earlier to that, the Members and Education Credit Union (mecu), is a Kew, Victoria based Australian financial co- operative. Bank Australia is recognized to be a customer owned responsible bank which operates in a business for the purpose of creating mutual prosperity for the communities they operate in, their customers and the planet (Bank Australia, 2018). The profits made by the bank are invested back for the purpose of providing various benefits to their own customers in the form of fairer fees and better interest rates. The customers have been banking with Bank Australia since 1957 and therefore Bank Australia has a rich history of 60 years. The customers of Bank Australia prefer it over other banks due to its personal service and competitive prices. Moreover, Bank Australia is renowned due to its progressiveness and genuineness in terms of mirroring their values while playing an important role in building a fair, strong nation and a healthy planet. Now Bank Australia has become a bank which all Australians can call their own. Bank Australia has various branches located all around Australia and provides the facility of banking online and over the phone. There are more than 3,000 rediATMs of Bank Australia all across the country. It has now become the choice of nearly 1,24,000 customers and community sector organizations for their banking needs across Australia. Banking services are offered to hundreds of charitable funds, NGOs and community groups by Bank Australia. In addition to providing products and services of great value, investment of 4% of its after tax profits are made into the Bank Australia Impact Fund which provides funding to the projects having quantifiable impact on planet, people and prosperity. Their present areas of priority include gender equality, non- profit/ social enterprise, environmental sustainability, disability, reconciliation and educational disadvantage. Moreover, Bank Australia also makes investment in partnerships in order to support those fund projects which address educational disadvantage along with the professional development of education professionals. It has also established partnership with CSIRO with the view to support the access of science education by indigenous students along with the provision of scientific calculators to the disadvantaged students by their State Schools Relief funding SWOT Analysis The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats faced by Bank Australia are presented below- Strengths The strength of Bank Australia lies in the responsible banking performed by it. It is preferred by the customers due to its personal service and competitive prices. Along with banking activities, it also takes steps for creating a healthier planet. It leads the banking industry as a carbon neutral bank and takes steps to reduce the environmental impact by offsetting the carbon emissions associated with car loan of every customer. Weakness Bank Australia is still not popular among the people residing in Australia even after 60 years of its operations. The earlier name bankmecu was also confusing and did not appeal to people. It is not able to attract new customers due lack of recognition among people. Therefore, the profitability of the bank does not stand in comparison with the other banks in Australia. Opportunity The latest technological development provides opportunity to Bank Australia as it can help in providing easier and safer banking options to the customers. Various initiatives undertaken by Bank Australia in the form of Reconciliation Action Plan, Disability Action Plan and denial of loans to fossil fuel industry is an opportunity and will assist in the sustainability of the bank in long run. The growth of the bank can decline due to weak economic outlook. Lack of Investor confidence can affect the profits and the banking activities of Bank Australia. Non-fulfillment of obligations by counter party can result in default risk for the bank. PESTLE Analysis PESTLE Analysis acts as a strategic tool for the purpose of determining the macro- economic factors impacting the banking industry and includes political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors. The banking sector is significantly affected by the government laws including a lot of intervention in the matters of banking by the government. Therefore, this leaves the banking industry susceptible to political influence. Such political influence includes corrupt political parties, tariffs, political stability and the impact of the The banking industry is affected by changes in the savings rate, inflation rate, foreign exchange rate, interest rates and the economic cycle as these factors determine the aggregate demand and investment in the economy. Moreover, the competitive advantage of a bank is also impacted by the competition norms. The attitudes and beliefs of the population impact the banking industry as they desire ease in their banking experience. Banking industry is also affected by the social factors such as demographics, culture, skills and education level of the population. Their behaviors and necessities affect their way of viewing the banking options.This factor covers the technological developments made by the competitors of Bank Australia and the impact of such technology on its operations. It also includes the impact of value chain structure and cost structure in the banking industry. Technological developments are increasing in the industry in order to provide easy handling of funds to the customers. The banking industry is required to comply with the consumer laws, trade structures and respect the privacy of the customers. It also needs to comply with employment law, discrimination law, health and safety law and anti-trust laws with regard to the banking industry. Also, the banks need to comply with the other regulation for the protection of environment.The mobile apps and online banking services have contributed towards the less use of paper along with the reduction in pollution due to minimization of need to drive to the branches. The individual environmental footprints are being reduced. Dimensions in Dunphy Phase The Sustainability phase model developed by Dunphy provides six developmental phases which can be utilized as a tool for the purpose of evaluating the current commitment of an organization along with the habits related to ecological and human sustainability. The phases are rejection, non-responsiveness, compliance, efficiency, strategic productivity and sustaining corporation. Bank Australia is approximately a 60 year old bank but has still not gained much recognition in Australia. Its customers are increasing day by day but there are still many who are unaware regarding the existence of this bank. The complete focus of Bank Australia is on the creation of mutual prosperity of the community, its customers. However, the knowledge of sustainability of Bank Australia is more in the social aspect and less on the environment and economic aspect. The sustainability measures with regard to the social aspect include keeping employment in Australia, Disability action plan, Reconciliation Action Plan and the support for marriage equality. The review of Bank Australia recommends that it is in the middle of Dunphy Phase 2 and 3 i.e. Non-responsiveness and Compliance. Therefore, it needs to take measures in order to move towards Phase 5 Strategic Sustainability and further towards the ideological scenario i.e. Phase 6. Various plans have been formulated by the bank for the preservation of the environment with the help of formulating various policies but are not enough for moving forwards in the Dunphy phase. Therefore, it needs to make some changes in the policies for the development of the economy and protection of the environment for becoming a sustainable organization. EGSEE: Impact and Indicators The sustainability and accountability framework of an enterprise includes its performance in five key dimensions namely economic, governance, social, ethical and environmental. The importance of indicators lies in the fact that it allows an enterprise to resolve the issues faced by it (Lataweic Agol, 2015). Moreover, it assists an organization in knowing about the efficiency of its system along with providing the necessary guidance to overcome the existing issues. These indicators stop an organization from deviating from its path and allow focusing on more important issues. For Bank Australia, social, economic and environmental performance indicators are important which are presented in the table below. Social Economic Environmental 1.Employment 2.Human Rights 3.Education 4.Health and Safety 1.Benefit to Economy 2.Customer Satisfaction 3.Turnover 4.Cost Savings 1.Natural environment and resources 2.Waste Management 3.Energy and material use 4.Environmental management Social Social impact implies the impact of the banking industry in the well-being of employees and customers and the development of community as a whole. There is a requirement for keeping the jobs in Australia instead of transferring them to the people migrated from the rest of the world. Equality of human rights must be offered to the employees as well as the customers for the development of the economy. The enhancement of the technological and scientific education of the future generation is important for the social development of Australia. The health and safety of the employees and the customers need to be monitored for the sustainability of bank. Economic The sustainability of the bank is affected by the benefits provided by the bank to the economy. The satisfaction of the customers should be taken care of for serving them in the future by providing outstanding services. The loyalty of the customers will assist in the sustainability of the bank. High turnover of the bank will reflect its position in terms of high deposits and advances thereby helping in its sustainability. Moreover, the expenses and costs associated with the operations of the bank should be managed appropriately in order to survive in the long run. Environmental The sustainability of a bank is affected by contributions made by it for the protection of the environment. Natural environment and resources must be preserved by providing facilities like mobile apps and online banking so that customers do not require driving to the branches thereby reducing environmental pollution. Moreover, the use of paper should be reduced by promoting online banking and the waste papers must be management by recycling. Sustainability Dimensions The sustainability dimensions namely socio- cultural, economic and environmental dimensions captures the three areas of triple bottom line i.e. people, planet and profit. The socio- cultural dimension of sustainability can be defined as an organizations ability to guarantee welfare in terms of health, security and education which is distributed equally among social classes and gender. The health and safety of the employees along with their satisfaction, impact on the consumers are the key factors that come under the social dimension of sustainability (Vallance, Perkins Dixon, 2011). Bank Australia engages into a number of initiates. They create employment in the regional communities by making a commitment for not offshoring the jobs. They invest in a wide range of initiatives that address various social issues important to the customers with the help of Bank Australia Impact Fund. It has also contributed towards the closing of gaps between the First Peoples and other Australians by signing a Reconciliation Acton Plan. The economic dimension focuses on the improvement of economic status of stakeholders instead of focusing on the financial status of the company. Since Bank Australia works as a customer owned bank, its major stakeholder is its customers. Bank Australia works for creating prosperity for their customers along with investing the money for the mutual prosperity in a responsible manner by undertaking following activities. It returns the profits to their customers whom are considered the owners of the bank in the form of fair fees and better rates. Financial inclusion of those people is promoted who may be incapable of accessing the mainstream banking services. Investing the money of the customers in a responsible manner and for other purposes that are not considered unethical, irresponsible or detrimental to the environment or the community. The environmental dimension of sustainability takes into account the objective of meeting the needs of the present generation in a way such that the future generation does not have to make any compromises for meeting their needs. This dimension takes into consideration the impact of the activities undertaken by an organization on the environment (Holden, Linnerud Banister, 2017). Bank Australia takes the initiative for protecting the environment and creating a healthier planet by adopting a progressive approach in building a fair, strong nation and a healthy planet. They have adopted following steps for achieving their objectives. Investment in the worlds first environmental project for a bank namely Bank Australia Conservation Reserve, which is collectively owned by their customers. Promising for never providing any loans to the fossil fuel industry including projects related to coal and coal seam gas. Establishing commitment to an action on climate change by becoming the worlds first bank in signing the seven climate commitments under the climate leadership platform namely We Mean Business. Socio- cultural Dimension as the specific Sustainability Area Socio- cultural dimension is selected as the specific sustainability area for Bank Australia since it is a customer- owned bank. It takes the responsibility to work for their customers by caring for them, creating mutual prosperity and providing them competitive prices and outstanding service (Dempsey, Bramley, Power Brown, 2011). List and Assessment of Indicators for Monitoring Bank Australia works for the purpose of creating positive social outcomes for the people including their staff, customers and the community in which they operate. Therefore, a list of indicators is developed for Bank Australia for the purpose of monitoring the socio- cultural dimension of sustainability - Employment Human Rights Education Health and Safety Employment- Employment can be defined as a contract between two parties which creates a relationship between them where the work performed by the employee is paid for by the organization (Peters, 2015). One of the central problems in Australia is the migration of people from other countries with the view to get a job. The indicators for monitoring employment by Bank Australia are job structure and unemployment. For the purpose of measuring this indicator, Bank Australia is strongly committed to being an inclusive employer for keeping employment in Australia. It will be monitored by measuring the unemployment rates along with considering the job structure of the region. The challenges faced by Bank Australia include high degree of migration along with various social problems which have a great impact on the future growth opportunities (Holt Allen, 2015). Human Rights- Human rights are the rights that are provided to all the human beings irrespective of color, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, socioeconomic stratum, language, etc. (Donnelly Whelan, 2017). The measurement of diversity is facilitated by openly supporting marriage equality i.e. they support equal rights and opportunities for all the people in their lives. The challenges include the facing of waging humiliating battles from the other employees in the organization and people of the community (The New York Times, 2015). In other words, such customers and employees resist in coming forward, therefore taking measures for the improvement becomes a difficult task. Education- Education can be defined as the process of acquiring general knowledge along with the development of powers that support judgement and reasoning for the purpose of preparing a person for a mature life. It will be measured by Bank Australia by monitoring the research and development along with the monitoring of the levels of education. Bank Australia also supports CSIRO Science Pathways for Indigenous Communities program. The challenges faced include the resistance and lack of interest of the students for learning science. Health and safety- Health and safety and be defined as the well-being in mental, physical and social terms and being safe from the dangers, injury and risk (Straker, Dunstan, Gilson Healy, 2016). It can be measured with the help of monitoring the life expectancy and premature deaths (Tetrick Peiro, 2016). For this purpose, Bank Australia has developed a Reconciliation Action Plan which significantly outlines the tangible actions for closing the gaps in life expectancy of Australias First Peoples and other Australians. The challenges faced include the less access to essential health services to the Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2018). Meeting of the target relating to life expectancy still remains challenging due to slow progress rates. Time Frame and Monitoring System Monitoring systems are used for the purpose of monitoring and measuring the sustainability of a business on periodic basis in order to bring more effectiveness in the business operation of the business. Risks associated with the businesses are reduced to a great extent when proper monitoring systems are installed as it allows proper decision making at the right time (Asian Development Bank, 2014). A good monitoring system assists a company in the process of improving their growth along with providing a variety of measures for the purpose of reduction in the losses occurred. It must be updated regularly for providing a rationale regarding the future performance targets (M E Studies, 2017). Monitoring systems will assist in reporting of the accomplishment of targets and procedures. In the banking business, it must be prepared on weekly basis and then on monthly basis as the operations of the bank are very crucial. It will also help in analyzing the position of the bank in the market. However, decision making will be done on the basis of annual reports which will show whether targets are achieved or not. The time required for Bank Australia for reaching Dunphy phase 5 cannot be predicted since only three dimensions of EGSEE are addressed here. However, it can transform efficiently by taking all the aspects of EGSEE into equal consideration. The benefits of sustainability will be highlighted in the long run. Sustainability Implementation with the A-B-C-D Process: Awareness and Defining Changes Baseline Current State Creative Solutions Decide on Priorities Bank Australia is not able to spread awareness regarding its existence and is therefore unstable. It is significantly improving by providing personal service and competitive prices and is at progressive state. Need to proceed slowly with creative ideas. Identification of problem areas, creation of strategies, solution and process of implementation with continuous monitoring and reporting systems. Conclusion This report assists in concluding that the consideration of sustainability is important in the operations of a business. The three important dimensions of sustainability namely socio- cultural, economic and environmental dimension have been discussed in this report along with their application in the operations of Bank Australia. Moreover, the report focuses on the monitoring systems of sustainability with the help of effective indicators. Various indicators have also been developed in this report which can assist in the monitoring of socio- cultural dimension of sustainability with the help of effective measures. References Asian Development Bank. (2014). Developing Indicators and Monitoring Systems for Environmentally Livable Cities in the People's Republic of China. Asian Development Bank. Australian Human Rights Commission. (2018). Close The Gap Community Guide. Retrieved January 22, 2018 from https://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/close-gap-community-guide Bank Australia. (2018). Who are you?. Retrieved January 20, 2018 from https://bankaust.com.au/support/faqs/about-us/who-are-we/ Dempsey, N., Bramley, G., Power, S., Brown, C. (2011). The social dimension of sustainable development: Defining urban social sustainability.Sustainable development,19(5), 289-300. Donnelly, J., Whelan, D. J. (2017).International human rights. Hachette UK. Holden, E., Linnerud, K., Banister, D. (2017). The imperatives of sustainable development.Sustainable Development,25(3), 213-226. Holt, A. S. J., Allen, J. (2015).Principles of health and safety at work. Routledge. Lataweic, A. Agol, D. (2015). Sustainability Indicators in Practice. Walter de Gruyter GmbH Co KG. M E Studies. (2017). Characteristics of a Good Monitoring Evaluation Syste. Retrieved January 20, 2018 from https://www.mnestudies.com/monitoring/characteristics-good-monitoring-evaluation-system Peters, R. S. (2015).Ethics and Education (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Straker, L., Dunstan, D., Gilson, N., Healy, G. (2016). Sedentary work. Evidence on an emergent work health and safety issue.). Sedentary work. Evidence on an emergent work health and safety issue. Tetrick, L. E., Peiro, J. M. (2016). Health and safety: Prevention and promotion. The New York Times. (2015). The Challenges That Remain After Marriage Equality. Retrieved January 22, 2018 from https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/29/opinion/the-challenges-that-remain-after-marriage-equality.html Vallance, S., Perkins, H. C., Dixon, J. E. (2011). What is social sustainability? A clarification of concepts.Geoforum,42(3), 342-34

How did the Lewis Clark Expedition help America expand Essay Example

How did the Lewis Clark Expedition help America expand? Essay The Lewis Clark Expedition is one of the pivotal moments in the history of the United States. Two centuries ago, under the orders of the then President Thomas Jefferson, Captain Meriwether Lewis and Captain William Clark set about with a team of thirty three personnel to explore, observe and chart the vast expanses of territory to the west of the continent. Titled very aptly the Corps of Discovery, the team started their journey in Wood River, Illinois in 1804 and reached the Pacific Ocean on the other side of the continent a year later. The entire route taken by the team measured 3700 miles. It covered several states, including â€Å"Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Oregon and Washington†. (â€Å"Lewis and Clark Bicentennial,† 2001) The expedition marked a key event in the course of the nation’s history. This is acknowledged during the bicentennial celebrations of the event that transpired in 2005. On the occas ion of the event, a government commissioned Bicentennial Council was set up to educate the public as well as to promote research on the event. The Federal Interagency Lewis and Clark working group is another testimony to its importance. This essay will argue that Lewis Clark Expedition played a key role in shaping the subsequent history, culture and geopolitics of the nation. In the early days of the American republic, literature pertaining to natural history was an esteemed medium of information. It combined scientific and spiritualist approaches to the study of American geography. The copious descriptions and classifications contained therein served as essential tools to â€Å"contain the immensity and incomprehensibility of American nature, a subject Americans knew little about.† (Lewis, 2004) The early accounts of the discoveries in western expanses were crucial for forging in people a sense of rootedness to their land. It encouraged early republic Americans †to celebrate the complexity of the natural world, and by extension God, through an intimate understanding of its products. This scientific-spiritualist approach crossed boundaries of class and education, jumped denominational lines, and assuaged guilty consciences over the racial genocide that accompanied expansion across the continent.† (Lewis, 2004) Hence, it is clear that Lewis Clark has a profound socio-cultural relevance. One of the other achievements of the expedition was its completion of an overland journey through and across river systems in Missouri. By virtue of this feat, vast unchartered tracts of the West were opened up. The pioneers extended their interest well and beyond cartography. For example, they collected samples and specimens of plants and animals – some of which they’ve never encountered before. They actively studied the culture and social structure of native Indian tribes that they happened to pass by. The comprehensiveness of the expedition is highlighted by the fact that basic civil administration tasks were also performed. These include conducting diplomatic councils, forming trading relationships with tribes and recorded weather data. It is not unfair to claim that the team led by Lewis and Clark went beyond the obligations of their contract. This is attested by the fact that the t eam created Camp River Dubois on the Wood River at the confluence of the two great rivers, Mississippi and Missouri, north of St. Louis. The captains then â€Å"recruited young woodsmen and enlisted soldiers who volunteered from nearby army outposts. Over the winter, they prepared the men, whom they called the Corps of Discovery, for the frontier.† (Conry, 2004) We will write a custom essay sample on How did the Lewis Clark Expedition help America expand? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How did the Lewis Clark Expedition help America expand? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How did the Lewis Clark Expedition help America expand? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The team led by Lewis and Clark spent twenty eight months exploring, studying and recording the magnificent American landscape beyond erstwhile frontiers. It is a landmark event in American history because it captures the essence of challenges to westward expansion. For example, one area of challenge is on account of international diplomacy, where American imperialist goals would be received negatively by established European imperial powers. The expedition had implications for economic and trade relations with European powers. (Jones, 2002) For example, in Coues’s 1893 edition cast Lewis and Clark, the event was seen â€Å"as part of a grand American imperial project and became part and parcel of an effort to whet the appetite of, and to prepare the American nation for, a new round of frontier conquest and empire-building, this time not in North America but overseas.† (Lewis, 2004) Beyond the imperial overtones there were more immediate and practical challenges faced by the team. For example, communicating with local tribes was quite problematic. It is to the credit of the team that they were somehow able to overcome these challenges. Perhaps, the most astonishing of the feats by the expedition is the sheer physical endurance exhibited by the team. An indefinite journey into unchartered territory is tough enough, but when that journey continued for more than two years it underscores the superhuman effort. But such a risky enterprise was worth the effort when looked retrospectively. For, without the successful completion of the Corps of Discovery, American history would have taken a different course, perhaps less illustrious than what has transpired. The Lewis Clark Expedition is a precursor to the thriving field of historical and anthropological research. Even a whole new disciple such as American Studies was inspired by the rich findings of the expedition. The amount of primary scholarly material generated by the team of the Corps is one of its kind. One of the valuable collections is the book ‘In Their Own Words: Lewis and Clark’ by George Sullivan. This book uses â€Å"primary sources including drawings, journal entries, and maps-to explain the history of the Corps of Discovery.† (Brugar, 2004) It is on account of the significance of Lewis Clark Expedition to American history that it is celebrated even today. In January of 2003, the celebration to commemorate the bicentennial of the Corps of Discovery’s expedition was inaugurated at Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello home in Charlottesville, Virginia. The festivities that followed continued for well over three years – a conscious decision to match the twenty eight month duration of the epic journey. An annual Lewis Clark Day is also commemorated and celebrated. During this special day students across schools in the country are educated about the cultural, political and historical importance of the Corps of Discovery. In some schools, special exhibitions and simulations are organized, wherein,

4 Easy Steps to Creating a Bibliography in Microsoft Word

4 Easy Steps to Creating a Bibliography in Microsoft Word The assignments in front of you: Write a research paper and include a bibliography with properly cited sources. If you want to make the assignment as painless as possible, do what experienced academic writers do and go straight to Microsoft Word to build your bibliography as you write.With several options for online access to Microsoft Word, youll find that the software offers a great way to streamline the process of creating a bibliography and proper in-text citations as you begin the research process. Doing this as you write- instead of waiting for the end to put all the citations together into a bibliography, references, or works cited list- makes writing a research paper so much easier.Step 1: Choose a style from the References tabFirst choose a style from the References tab.For this first step in creating your bibliography in Microsoft Word, locate the References tab at the top of your screen. Next, look for the Citations Bibliography group under the References tab. Click the d rop-down box next to Style in the Citations Bibliography group and choose the appropriate style for your paper. The available styles are listed in alphabetical order, and likely will include some styles youve never heard of before, such as:APAChicagoGB771Gost – Name sortGost – Title sortHarvard – AngliaIEEEISO 690 – First element and dateISO 690 – Numerical referenceMLASIST02TurabianAfter completing this step, its time to write your paper and add citations.Step 2: Insert citations in the text of your documentAt this point in the progress of your research paper, youll need to insert a citation wherever source information is needed in the text. Whether this is a direct quote or paraphrasing the writing of another, citations are required for all research.To insert a citation, click the References tab. In the Citations Bibliography section, click the Insert Citation button to add a new source.Next insert citations in the text of your document.A windo w like the one in the image above should then pop up, allowing you to enter all the source information, including type of source, author, title, year, publisher and city of publication. The fields will change based on what type of source you choose. For example, if you choose to add a source that is a journal article- one of the most common types of sources used in research- the fields will be: Author, title, journal name, year, and page numbers (since these are the details required in a citation for a journal article). However, if you choose the type of source as sound recording, the fields will include: Composer, performer, title, year, city, state, and country.This is one of the great benefits to using Microsoft Word to create your paper and accompanying bibliography. The software ensures that the unique details of each source- whether its a website, piece of artwork, or journal article- are correctly collected on the front-end in the writing process. When you reach the end of yo ur initial draft, your sources should be already included and managed, allowing you to create a bibliography at the literal touch of a button.A note on placeholdersYoull notice that when you press the Insert Citation button, youre given two choices: Add new source and add new placeholder. You should choose Add new source if you have most of the sources information. However, if you dont have very much information about the source but know that you are writing a paragraph or sentence that needs to be cited, you can choose Add new placeholder to create a placeholder citation for the text.Step 3: Manage your sourcesAfter you input all your sources for citations within your text, you will be able to manage the sources and include some (or all) in a master list. Clicking on Manage Sources within the Citations Bibliography section allows you to do this. Once clicked, this will take you to a list version of all the sources you have inputted thus far, allowing you to add them to (or subtrac t them from) a master list. It will also allow you to make any changes that are needed.Next you should manage your sources.Now from this menu, you can add, delete, and edit your sources. You will also be able to preview the sources bibliography format in the lower pane of the window that opens when you manage sources.Step 4: Add the bibliographyNow that youve completed your paper and added all sources, creating the bibliography is the easy part. Simply place your cursor where you want the bibliography to be in your paper, click on the References tab, then click Bibliography in the Citations Bibliography section. When you do this, a drop-down arrow will allow you to choose the correct title for your bibliography- either Bibliography, References, or . Once youve chosen the title, click Insert Biography and voila! Your bibliography is inserted and formatted exactly as it should be for the style youve chosen.The last step is to add the bibliography.

Fast Food Industry Marketing Towards Children Essay

Fast Food Industry Marketing Towards Children - Essay Example This essay deeple analyzes not only fast-food market and it's effects on everyday life of children, but also focuses on political and philosophical purposes of such market. The political agenda brings us to identify â€Å"problems† with capitalism: the creation of multinational conglomerates that â€Å"don’t care about its customers†. These require us to ask if the â€Å"harms† this food present morally require government regulation and censorship. Advertising, that is discussed in this essay simply does not have the coercive power which critics allege. Marketing cannot force products upon the innocent, vulnerable, and gullible children. It may be useful to distinguish the advertisement—a simple statement of words—from action in a purchase. The nature of advertising and marketing precludes any possibility of coercion when it comes to persuading children to convince their parents to buy them products which, if used in excess, can be incidental ly harmful. The blame for childhood obesity rates lies with parents and those who control what children eat. The absurdity of the claim that a corporation, constantly concerned with what is necessary for maintaining its very existence, is responsible for what children eat is so obviously absurd that it need not be discussed. In conclusion, claims about marketing to children rely on untenable philosophical doctrines like determinism, misconceptions of persuasive advertising, and mischaracterizations of the adolescent human being are discussed.

Two listed companies on the HK stock exchange to evaluate how the Essay

Two listed companies on the HK stock exchange to evaluate how the companies report - Essay Example The company has reported the turnover from various geographical locations. The highest turnover has been reported for Mainland China. Other than regional turnover the operating profit or loss from the various countries has also been reported. Other than geographical reporting the company has also disclosed revenue from various operations like retail & distribution; export & licensing; manufacturing and inter-segment sales. The turnover and profit position of the company from the various brands like Giordano & Giordano Junior, Giordano Concepts, Giordano Ladies etc. have also been disclosed. As per the revised accounting norms the company also has to make disclosures about segment assets and segment liabilities in the annual reports (Deloitte, 22010). Based on this the Group has disclosed about the deferred tax assets and non-current assets in Mainland China and Hong Kong. The company has also reported about segment assets position in other locations like Taiwan, Australia, Singapore, etc. According to the revised accounting norms a company must also disclose about the income earned by it from its product and services. In the annual reports the Group has reported about the turnover, operating profit and number of outlets of the various brands in the market. As per IFRS8 the company must also disclose about the various liabilities values of the various segments in its annual report. The revised standard requires interest income to be reported separately from an interest expense for each segment. However, in the annual report of Giordano the company has not made any such disclosures about interest expense and income of its segment. IFRS 8 also requires the company to report segment information like investment in the form of joint ventures and associations as well as any additions to assets like non-current assets and deferred tax assets, assets of the employees’ post-employment etc. Giordano has not made any disclosures about segment liabilities. The compan y has not made any disclosures about the joint ventures and association of its segments in the various locations (Giordano International Limited, 2009). Operating Segments disclosure in Bossini In the annual reports for the financial year 2009 Bossini has not followed the HFKRS 8 Operating Segments (IFRS 8). The company has presented its segment information with respect to result and revenue. As the Group derives most of its revenue from distribution and retailing of garments it has not presented a separate analysis relating to its business segments in the annual report. The company has reported about the revenue and results from various geographical segments like Mainland China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Taiwan etc. However there are no disclosures about interest income and profitability of each of its segment. The company has reported about the segment assets and segment liabilities in its annual report. The amount of investment relating to the various segments has also been reported. The amount of depreciation relating to the various segments has also been disclosed. The Group has separately disclosed the revenue earned by it from retailing & distribution of garments and from services related to its rendering. Other than this the company has n

Field Report for Sierra leone Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Field Report for Sierra leone - Assignment Example As an outcome, industrialexpansions, large scale agriculture of trade products, as well as justifiable and sustainable investments have been highly neglected by governments. Therefore, the economy could be defined as exploitative, and is based on the pulling out of unsustainable resources as well as non-recyclable assets. An interview was conductedon three different groups, and from each group, one person was chosen to represent the groups. The first group was made up of people working in the government, the other group represented common people, while the other group represented the privileged in the society.The first group was represented by Mr. John; the other one was represented by Mr. Eke, while the third group was represented by Miss Ann. John: Sierra Leone is currently carrying out its development strategy under the national long term perspectives, a programme known as â€Å"vision 2025†. The significance of this programme spins around nurturing and promoting a strong, self-reliant, modest, and competitive private zone steered the economy with very strong and stable participation. Employing the overarching strategies of the long term perspectives, current macroeconomic policy is conducted on poverty reduction strategy paper (PRSP)developed with the IMF. The aspects of this plan include infrastructure development, private sector development, and reforms to enhance and increase domestic revenue collection. The poverty reduction strategy puts an emphasis on agriculture and fisheries, human development, transportation, as well as energy. John: Both the PRSP and the â€Å"vision 2025† have a number of key challenges in the development of the private sector as well as an investment which includes; the dominance of a substantial and growing informal sub sector, Sierra Leone’s limited capacity to participate in investment activities, and a weak institutional environment

Role of US Military in Gulf of Tonkin Incident

Role of US Military in Gulf of Tonkin Incident Military Intelligence Organizations They do it by performing an analysis and assessment of the available data which they gathers from wide range of sources, guiding and directing the commanders to make decisions or respond to focused questions as part of their operational campaign. The collected information is first identified and then incorporated into the process of intelligence collection, analysis and dissemination. Military Intelligence Organizations have played their role in resolving conflicts in any nation. Discusses here is the Gulf of Tonkin Incident and the role of U.S. Military Intelligence Organizations to resolve it. The incident took place on August 2 4 1964 (Kim, 1999). This was the incident that helped the America’s involvement in Vietnam War. Gulf of Tonkin Incident Overview Due to several early failed attacks, it was transferred to the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Studies and Observations Group in 1964, and the focus of it was shifted towards maritime operations. In due course of time, U.S. Navy was also instructed to conduct Desoto patrols off the North Vietnam. The Desoto Patrols consisted of American warships cruising in international waters in order to conduct electronic surveillance operations (Shane, 2001). As a result of 34A and the Desoto Patrols, the ships offshore were made able to collect important information about the North Vietnamese Military capabilities. The First Attack After ordering the airstrikes, soon Johnson went on to address the nation on television regarding the incident. He in his address requested the passage of a resolution, expressing the unity and determination of the United States in support of freedom and in the hope to protect peace in the Southeast Asia (Cohen Solomon, 1994). He also argued that he didn’t want a wider war, and said that United States would continue to protect its national interests. As approved on August 6, 1964, the Southeast Asia (Gulf of Tonkin) Resolution, gave Johnson the power to use military intelligence and force in the region without requiring a declaration of war. Later on over the next few years, Johnson used this resolution to rapidly escalate the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. Intelligence has fulfilled the wider ranging and very important functions of in security, diplomacy and statecraft (Augustin, 2009). However in recent years, the role of military intelligence in resolution of conflicts has expanded and broadened its range and now it forms the core element of conflict management policies and procedures. Ancient Greece is the first democracy in the world. It has established several institutions that served as intelligence services. Proxenia were the upper class citizens of Greece who served as top class agents. They used to collect information and even executed the assassinations if required. The Heralds collected the public and private information. Both the Proxenia and the Heralds were protected by the Law of Greece and only the Heralds used to get the rewards of bringing good news back to the nation. Greece impressive political and military achievements really lacked the true intelligence system like today. Although they didn’t have the prope r intelligence system like today but still they had the intelligence cycle existed in their military endeavors. The two major requirements of intelligence services are democratic control and the effectiveness of the actions and activities (Augustin, 2009). African countries always had difficulties in managing and creating the solid intelligence systems. The territory of the Sahara Dessert is always problematic so the military intelligence related to that area is restricted. In 1997, the African countries created a security sector reform trying to narrow the challenges and constraints of developing a proper military intelligence system in the area. The major challenges that African countries are facing these days include the legacy of the African socialism and colonialism, autocratic military and security services and the unknown and informal activities of the military intelligence services. Gambia established the National Intelligence Agency in order to protect the regime. The unsuccessful attempts of Eisenhower and Kennedy to remove Castro from the power are considered as the failed military intelligence actions (Augustin, 2009). According to them the biggest threat to democracy is the communism. In Cuba, the America supported the Batista leading anti-communist government. After Castro being elected to power, he started quickly eliminating his enemies. And started to nationalize the economy and created knots with the USSR. His actions made it clear by 1960 that he was following the communism path for the Cuba. Eisenhower tried to remove the Castro from power by training Anti-Castro forces and sneaking them into Cuba. They began to target the Cuban sugar fields and the CIA developed an assassination program to eliminate Castro. Although such attempts were failed again and again, Kennedy tried to invade the Cuba by the Bay of Pigs operation but that was again a failure. This was all due to the strong military intelligence of Castro which saved him from all the American attacks. The Shah of Iran has a weak legitimacy and had lot of enemies (Augustin, 2009), so in 1957, he formed the SAVAK, the national intelligence and security organization. The SAVAK served a tool to torture and eliminated anyone who could prove as a threat to the Shah and his dynasty. No open opposition was allowed against the institution in Iran during Shah Regime, but with the passage of time the resistance of people became worst. Khomeini got exiled to Iraq and then to France because of his increasing popularity and threat to his life. In 1977, censorship law was introduced in Iran in order to retain the Shah’s power but due to his detachment from the public, the public dismissed him and Khomeini came to power after the over throw of the Shah of Iran. In 1980 under the rule of Reagan (Augustin, 2009), The U.S. Intelligence Community realized a need for more intense intervention in Central America in order to stop the communist expansion. El Salvador’s military government was considered as the only potential barrier against the communism in the Central America. The DIA tried to help the government of El Salvador to fight against the leftist group called as FMLN. The DIA worked and operated with the direct military intelligence information sharing and between 1987 to 1989 a guerilla attack was made by the FMLN which surprised the El Salvador and the American armies. This also showed that how little the U.S support helped. Over all the defense of the El Salvador is considered as the failure in the history of the U.S. military intelligence. Intelligence is basically the sociological phenomenon that is used for the information gathering and to ensure the prevention of hostility (Augustin, 2009). It is important to distinguish between the intelligence that has been existed in any nation and the intelligence that is established as a result of state concept. Intelligence cycle, covert actions and counter intelligence are all the components necessary for decision making process. Intelligence focuses on hostility both in democracies and non-democracies. Intelligence in democratic system must have strong relations with the citizens and must work under a legal framework. The functions and scope of working of intelligence agencies must be clarified and their methods of working and sources of information must be protected. However intelligence in the non-democratic system concentrates more on internal opposition rather than external threats. So the intelligence is outside of the scope of legal framework in non-democratic system w hile intelligence in democracies should only be used to measure level of democracy in the country. In 1960, the Egyptian forces entered in Sinai which was a big surprise to Israel (Augustin, 2009). The IDF couldn’t respond in time and it lead to the result that intelligence was needed for an earlier warning of possible Egyptian attack. The methods or tools for an earlier warning were HUMINT, the SIGINT and the VISINT. The 1960 rotten affair and the 1973 Vom Kippur war failure show failure of the intelligence system and a need for strong intelligence system. References [1] Sankt Augustin (2009), Intelligence and Democracies in Conflict and Peace, retrieved from  http://www.kas.de/israel/en/publications/18450/ [2] Tom Kim (1999), The Gulf of Tonkin Incident 1964, retrieved from  http://www.thenagain.info/webchron/usa/GulfTonkin.html [3] Chris Trueman (2000), Gulf of Tonkin 1964, retrieved from  http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/gulf_tonkin_1964.htm [4] Scot Shane (2001), The Gulf of Tonkin Incident, retrieved from  http://911review.com/precedent/century/tonkin.html [5] Lieutenant Commander Pat Paterson, U.S. Navy (2008), The Truth about Tonkin, retrieved from  http://www.usni.org/magazines/navalhistory/2008-02/truth-about-tonkin [6]  John Parados (2004), The Gulf of Tonkin Incident, 40 Years later, retrieved from  http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB132/ [7] Jeff Cohen and Norman Solomon (1994), 30-Years anniversary, Tonkin Gulf Lie Launched Vietnam War, retrieved from  http://fair.org/media-beat-column/30-year-anniversary-tonkin-gulf-lie-launched-vietnam-war/

Comparing How Various Anthropologists Discovered Anthropology as a Care

Comparing How Various Anthropologists Discovered Anthropology as a Career Anthropologists have reasons for entering a field of work just like any other person has reasons for Choosing science over music or medicine over business. The reason a person may enter a particular career can be from stumbling upon a field that they knew little. Once discovering it they have ambitions of being the best they can be. It could also stem from a desire as a child to know more about a specific subject. Reasons may be distinct or similar to another person's in the same field. I will compare various anthropologists to how they started in anthropology and how they are different from one another. Anthropologists have stumbled upon or discovered the world of anthropology in their own ways. Barbara Smutts decided that she would study anthropology at the age of 13 (Rosenthal, 23). After reading Jane Goodall's first article about chimpanzees and with her love of animals and science she knew that anthropology would be her career (23). Adrienne Zihhnan, like Smutts, stumbled upon anthropology after reading an article. She read a book by Margaret Mead for a course at Miami University (Shell, 38). After reading it she changed her major and transferred to a college with the major (38). Zihhnan has made Paleoanthropology her specialized area. The origination of the two­legged gait has been her focus (Shell, 40). Smutts has studied Primatology and observed olive baboons and the bottle­necked dolphin (Roshenthal, 24 & 26). The discovery of a career through reading an article makes a person wonder if all big decisions could be that simple. Aslihan Yener discovered anthropology after transferring to Robert College to study art history (Bass, 64)... ...n/legkey http://www.anatomy.su.oz.au/danLiy/anthropology/anthro­1/bio­graphies/thorton "Linguistics." Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology: vol. 1, 1996. "Linguistics." The New Encyclopedia Britannica: vol. 7, 1993. Mead, Margaret. Leaders of Modem Anthropology: Ruth Benedict. New York: Columbia University Press, 1974. "Paleoanthropology." Academic American Encyclopedia: vol. 15, 1996. "Primatology." Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory. 1988. Rosenthal, Elisabeth. "The Forgotten Female." Discover. Dec. 1991: 22­27. Shell, Ellen Ruppel. "Flesh and Bone. Discover. Dec. 1991: 37­42. Spencer, Robert F. Methods and Perspective in Anthropology. Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press, 1954. Steward, Julian H. Leaders of Modem Anthropology: Alfred Kroeber. New York: Columbia University Press, 1973.

Nursing and Family Stress Theory

Critique and Analysis of Family Stress Theory Nursing theory explains the relationship between concepts to enhance understanding and knowledge about a phenomenon (Walker & Advant, 2005). Theoretical frameworks for nursing of families provide a foundation for guiding the development of family centered care and research (Friedman, Bowden, & Jones, 2003). The application of theory helps to guide nursing practice, education, and research and supports the development of evidence-based nursing strategies and interventions for both the individual and the family as the client. This paper will critique and provide an analysis of the family stress theory. A brief introduction of the history and author of this theory will be provided and the major concepts and assumptions of the theory described. The rationale for selecting this theoretical model as it relates to family nursing practice will be provided and its strengths and weaknesses identified. In addition, a discussion of the application of the Family Stress Theory in current nursing research will be presented. Finally, ideas for future research needed to continue to develop this theory for its application in family nursing practice will be explored. Family Stress Theory The family stress theory was introduced by Professor Reuben Hill in the late1940s after the Great Depression (McDonald, n. d. ). McDonald (n. d) explains that Hill based his observations on families who survived the economic challenges of the Great Depression and those families who did not. Friedman, Bowden, and Jones (2003), explain that Hill based his research on the effects of separation and reunions as a result of war time on families. In both cases, the Family Stress Theory helps to explain why some families are able to adapt and survive when faced with stressors while other families encounter crisis. Hill’s Family Stress Theory has served as a framework for the development of more contemporary family stress models, such as the Resiliency Model, and as a foundation for clinical practice and crisis intervention (Friedman, Bowden, and Jones, 2003). Major Concepts Hill describes the importance of social relationships and positive perceptions which serve as buffers in protecting the family from crisis (McDonald, n. d. ). In developing the family stress theory, Hill formulated an ABCX framework which helps to define the stress, identify the family resources, explore the family’s perception of the stressor, and the crisis. The A variable is identified as the provoking stressor or event that the family encounters. Family experiences and strengths as well as family and community resources represent the B variable. This variable includes the family’s social support structure, both internal and external, which impact the magnitude of the stress on the family (McDonald, n. d. ). The family perception of the degree of stress produced by the provoking stressor or event represents the C variable. Combined, these three variables influence how a family copes, reacts, and manages the situation and determines whether or not the situation becomes a crisis, the X variable. Past experiences, adequate and available resources, time, and support all impact how a family is able to adapt and change to the situation. The application of the family stress theory helps to predict the potential for a family crisis. According to McDonald (n. d. ), â€Å"the combination of high stress with social isolation (the â€Å"B† variable) for families has been highly correlated with many forms of dysfunctional family outcomes† (para. ). Hill’s family stress theory provides a framework for a family as client focused assessment and the development of evidence-based nursing interventions that strengthen the family and promote positive outcomes. Family Stress Theory’s assumption about Family and Nursing The Family Stress theory is middle range theories developed by Hill and as th e variability of families are recognized through research, the traditional ABCX theoryevolved to different family stress theory and developed the conceptualization and the assumption of what family is about. In 1996, McCubbin and McCubbin outlined the theory’s assumption of a family in crisis (Smith & Liehr, 2008, p. 227) : Families over the course of life face hardships and changes as a natural and predictable aspect of family life. Families develop basic competencies, patterns of functioning, and capabilities to foster the growth and development of family members and the family unit, and to protect the family from major disruptions in the face of transitions and changes. Families develop basic and unique competencies, patterns of functioning, and capabilities designed to protect the family from unexpected or non-normative stressors, and strains and to foster the family’s recovery following a family crisis or major transition or change. Families draw from and contribute to the network of relationships and resources in the community, including its ethnicity and cultural heritage, particularly during periods of family stress and crises. Families faced with crisis situations demanding changes in the family’s functioning work to restore order, harmony, and balance even in the midst of change. In the Family Stress theory’s metaparadigm, nursing is responsible in assisting families in the process of adaptation by promoting the family member’s health, help to recover from illness, assist the family member to function within the specific health limitation, support and develop family’s strengths, assist in the use of community resources available, facilitate the family in appraisal of the situation and help the family decide what is best for the situation (Beckett, 2000) . The Family Stress Theory in Family Nursing Stress can affect intimate relationships in the family setting. Although stress is normal and natural in the family setting, severe stress can lead to serious family situations such as domestic violence, alcoholism, substance abuse, and even child neglect. The outcome of the family’s situation during the stressful event depends on how the family responds and thrives to the stressful situation. A stressful event can be in the form of an acute or chronic illness in the family, sudden role changes,hardships in the family life cycle, separation, and death of a family member. The use of Family Stress Theory in Family Nursing assists the nurses in exploring the family system’s behavior and response to situational stressors and transitional events. The Family Stress theory was useful in the family’s coping ability regarding the care of the child with extraordinary needs (Crawford, 2002) . A child with special needs is a stress to both parents because time is needed to develop competency in caring for such child in the family. The use of community and family resources should be offered and considered to adapt to the crisis. One literature also applied the theory in remarriage in families and suggested that â€Å"remarriage and adjustment to step family living are conceptualized as life transition in the framework of the Family Stress Theory † (Crosbie-Burnett, 1989, p. 323) . Identifying all the variables present in any stressful event and the family’s capability of adapting to the stress using all resources available will assist the nurse in developing the nursing process by making a thorough family internal and external environmental assessment, assist the family in creating a goal and planning for strategies to resolve the issue, providing the family possible interventions in managing the stressor event, improving coping abilities, and enhancing the family’s strength during the stressful event. The nurse is also responsible in following-up and evaluating the effectiveness of the intervention to either continue the current management or change the coping strategy. Family Assessment In the use of qualitative and quantitative studies, families have different patterns to the response of stress. Assessing family resources, coping strategies, and processes provides the function for assisting families in adaptation and attainment of a higher level of wellness (Friedman, Bowden & Jones, 2003, para 3). Families engage in different management and coping strategies when dealing with stressful events. The nurse will have to assess the healthiness or dysfunctional aspects of the family. During the assessment period, the nurse set specific goals that will help the family with coping mechanisms of stress. The foundation for achieving the goals will depend on family support, financial resources and coping strategies. Families remain strong and durable even during today’s economic crisis. Despite all the economic, social and political pressures, most families can e considered to be functioning satisfactorily (Friedman, Bowden & Jones, 2003, para 4). The theoretical model family stress identifies two types of situations that will cause a family to enter into a crisis. Those situations are classified as developmental and situational events. Events that are identified as psychosocial growth of a family are noted as developmental events. Some examples are retirement, a child entering hi gh school or college, or adoption. The examples denote the normal life cycle affecting the entire family unit. Unexpected events are considered situational events such as death, loss of job, or the loss of the home due to fire. The family’s financial resources and coping mechanisms will help the family adapt and work through the crisis. The nurse can take the listed examples and help the family develop goals in becoming healthy and strong family again. Critique of the Family Stress Theory The use of the family stress theory by nurses with advanced training is a key indicator for creating care paths that enhance the effectiveness of outcomes for positive family health. Family clinicians use the stress theory to facilitate a collaborative learning process between family members with special emphasis on the different family processes: parenting, balancing work, dealing with childhood issues, and maintaining stability in home life. The stress theory is used as a helpful tool for identifying sources of stress that lend a head start for developing strategic plans to assist with managing them. Further applicability of the stress theory offers a supportive resource for identifying coping mechanisms of individual family members and determining how effective their coping strategies are during stressful family situations. The theoretical framework for the stress theory also serves as a tool for explaining how families adjust and adapt as one system during stressful events (Friedman, Bowden, & Jones, 2003, p. 470). Information for identifying coping mechanisms for families of culture can be acquired by using a cultural genogram to gather information about their trengths and weaknesses. The clinician uses the information to apply it to the stress theory framework to assist the family with developing feasible ways of dealing with stressful events. Continued research efforts incorporating the use of the stress theory critical for developing innovative family care plans for helping families avoid and decrease stress levels. Further family-focused research can be generated to addres s the coping behaviors of culturally diverse families during stressful situations (Friedman et al. , 2003). The new wave of multi-types of families supports the need for intervention research that serves as evidenced-based practices to help not only culturally diverse families but also all families to deal with stress. Strengths The strengths identified in using the family stress theory are that the model is easy to understand and easy to translate into therapy and intervention. During the assessment period of explaining the model and how it relates to the situational crisis of the family, it is important that families understand the system. The nurse will explain adaptation, family adaptation, family coherence and family resilience. During the educational process, the concepts can be defined and described in a manner the family can view the crisis and place the event in the family unit’s perspective. As the nurse translated the model into therapy sessions and intervention processes, the family will not have difficulty working together needed to heighten family growth. The nurse and family will work together to establish goals. During the intervention session the family will engage with the stressors affecting the family. The family will work extensively to return the unit to the whole family concept. Weaknesses Weaknesses identified are limited to the discussion of aspects in the family dealing with stress and punctuation or interruptions. The family may be limited on providing pertinent information in the discussions. The nurse can help set goals based on the provided information. Shame and guilt play intricate roles in how much information is provided. The family will need to engage in the discussion and work sessions in order to return to the functional family unit. Punctuation or interruptions occur during the meetings with the nurse and family. Unforeseen activities causes disorganized scheduled meeting. A specific time should be allotted for the meeting to alleviate interruptions. The nurse and family can make stride if the sessions are uninterrupted. Family Nursing Research The trends of nursing care have evolved over the years from being a patient centered care industry into an industry focused around family centered care. The focus of providing family centered care has resulted in an emergent need to develop concepts, assessment measures and clinical skills customized to the care being provided. For this reason, family nursing research has detonated although much of the research is in its infancy stages. Much of the current literature on family nursing pertains to pediatric nursing and family, however the call for family nursing research for the adult world of nursing is emerging as well. One particular study conducted by staff researchers at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill spotlight on how families care for a child with chronic illness and debilitating diseases. The byproduct of this research study is the FaMM (Family Management Measure). Although the FaMM was cultivate through the use of the Family Management Style Conceptual Framework (FMSF), the FaMM measures how a family manages during stressful situations, which is a direct correlation to the family stress theory. In addition to spotlighting, the purpose of the study is â€Å"that it will further the development and testing of interventions and the comprehensive assessment of families' efforts to manage chronic conditions† (Knafl et al. , 2007). Based on analyzing the investigations leading up to the FaMM, researchers had ne primary question and challenged themselves to discover a way to make the eight conceptual dimensions of the FMSF into a measureable assessment tool with a high percentage of reliability and validity. Second, an evaluation tool (FaMM) and a hypothesis was developed to support the inquiry. The hypothesis converged to explain how â€Å"data from the FaMM will contribute to clinicians’ and researchers’ ability to understand more fully family functioning in the context of childhood chronic conditions† (Knafl et al. , 2007). Even though the research study appears to be qualitative in methodology with its categorical approach to establishing measurements it is overwhelmingly quantitative. Each of the established measurement guidelines or categories becomes conclusive with a percentage score as a means to evaluate against ranges. The ranges help to determine whether the family has the ability to manage many of the stress factors associated with care of a chronically ill child. The results of the research demonstrated a high validity as well as reliability. In particular, the reliability of the test ranged between 72% to 90% for mothers and 73% to 91% for fathers, both demonstrating above 50% reliability. The future of family nursing research should branch out to include all forms of family; for example, children being raised by grandparents, homosexuals, foster parents and,other forms of guardianship. With the Family Stress Theory more research is needed to determine the long-lasting effects of stress on the family unit and ways to offset these effects. Furthermore, the research from family stress theory is useful to family nursing practice in that it gives nurses a starting point to initiate interventions, treatment and, other diagnoses. Conclusion Family stress theory provides nursing staff with both intrinsic and extrinsic information to use in providing better services, care,and outreach to families. The concepts and assumptions identified in the theory arecurrently being researched for efficiency in providing the best application measures for family nursing practice. Despite the weakness identified in the theory, the strengths of the theory far outweigh. In closing, the family stress theory can be used to guide nursing practice in acute care settings but also can provide in sight on primary prevention methods. References Beckett, C. (2000). Family theory as a framework for assessment. Unpublished manuscript, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona. Retrieved from http://jan. ucc. nau. edu/~nur350-c/class/2_family/theory/lesson2-1-3. html Crawford, D. (2002). Keep the focus on the family. Journal of Child Health Care, 6, 133-146. doi: 10. 1177/136749350200600201 Crosbie-Burnett, M. (1989, July). Application of Family Stress Theory to remarriage: A Model for assessing and helping stepfamilies. Family Relations, 38, 323-331. Retrieved from http://www. jstor. org/pss/585060 Friedman, M. M. , Bowden, V. R. , & Jones, E. G. (2003). Family Nursing: Research, Theory and Practice (5th Ed. ). Upper Saddle, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Knafl, K. , Deatrick, J. , Gallo, A. , Dixon, J. , Grey, M. , Knafl, G. , & O’Malley, J. (2007). Family management measure (FaMM). Retrieved December 5, 2009, from http://nursing. unc. edu/research/famm/ McDonald, L. (n. d. ). Hill’s theory of family stress and buffer factors: Build the protective factor of social relationships and positive perception with multi-family groups_. Retrieved December 5, 2009, from http://cecp. air. org/vc/presentations/2selective/31mcdon/HILL’S_FAMILY_STRESS_THEORY_AND_FAST. htm Smith, M. , & Liehr, P. (2008). Middle range theory for nursing (2nd ed. ). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, LLC. Walker, L. O . , & Avant, K. C. (2005). Strategies for theory construction in nursing (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice-Hall.

Economic Analysis of Hawaii Essays - Hawaii, Unemployment, Recession

Economic Analysis of Hawaii Essays - Hawaii, Unemployment, Recession Economic Analysis of Hawaii Business Economic Analysis of Hawaii Hawaii, with an area of 28,313 sq. km (10,932 sq. mi.), is the 43rd largest state in the U.S.; 6.9% of the land is owned by the federal government. It consists mainly of the Hawaiian Islands, eight main islands and 124 islets, reefs, and shoals. The major islands in order of size are Hawaii, Maui, Oahu, Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Nihau, and Kahoolawe. Population growth has increased by 80,000 persons over the past five years. Demographics show a large number of Hispanic origin: Asian Hispanics are the most populated with white Hispanic and Asian non-Hispanic following. Hawaii's economy has been long dominated by plantation agriculture and military spending. As agriculture has declined in importance, the economy has diversified to encompass a large tourist business and a growing manufacturing industry. Hawaii's economy has changed drastically since statehood. In 1958, defense, sugar, and pineapple were the primary economic activities, accounting for 40% of Gross State Product (GSP). In contrast, visitor-related expenditures stood at just over 4% of Hawaii's GSP prior to statehood. Today the positions are reversed; sugar and pineapple constitute about 1% of GSP, defense accounts for just under 11%, while visitor-related spending comes close to 24% of Hawaii's GSP. The movement toward a service- and trade-based economy becomes even more apparent when considering the distribution of Hawaii's jobs across sectors. The share of the economy's jobs accounted for by manufacturing and agriculture have declined steadily since 1959 and each currently makes up less than 4% of total jobs in the economy. At the same time, the shares of jobs in wholesale and retail trade and in services have risen, standing at about 23% and 28%, respectively. Since 1991, Hawaii's economy has suffered from rising rates of unemployment . This stands in marked contrast to the period 1980 to 1993, when the state enjoyed very low unemployment rates relative to the nation as a whole. But by 1994 the recession had raised Hawaii's unemployment rate to the national average (6.1%) for the first time in 15 years. In 1995, the state's unemployment rate improved slightly in the first eleven months of the year to 5.4 percent, a 0.6 percentage point decline from the first eleven months of 1994. Despite the lower unemployment rate, the total number of wage and salary jobs declined by 0.6 percent during the first eleven months of 1995. This was due in part to a fall in part-time jobs which are often held by persons who also have primary jobs elsewhere in the economy. The number of construction jobs declined by more than 7 percent in the same period. Other industriesnamely, manufacturing, agriculture, transportation, communications/utilities, and finance, insurance, and real estateexperienced declines in the number of jobs as well. Jobs in retail trade and services, however, increased 2.2 percent and 0.5 percent, respectively, reflecting an increase in visitor spending since 1994. Following a dismal first quarter due to the Kobe earthquake, there was steady growth in the tourism sector in 1995 with increases in the number of visitor arrivals and hotel room rates. The number of visitor arrivals to the State increased 3.2 percent during the first eleven months of 1995. The increase in the value of the Japanese yen vis-a-vis the U.S. dollar during this period contributed to a rise in eastbound visitors in the second and third quarter of 1995 by 11.8 percent and 15.4 percent, respectively. However, in the first eleven months of 1995, the number of westbound visitors remained flat. This year is the 11th year in a row that the U.S. has experienced reduced spending on national defense. The continued reduction is due to the decline in superpower tensions and the political disintegration of the Soviet and East European-block during this decade which have prompted the Congress and Administration to initiate significant cuts in the level of defense expenditures in recent years. However, because of the strategic location of Hawaii in the Pacific this changing military posture has not significantly affected Hawaii's $3.7 billion Federal defense sector. The construction industry continued its decline in the first eleven months of 1995. This loss was mainly due to decreasing demand exacerbated by higher interest rates during the first half of 1995, following a 12.4 percent drop in 1994. Another reason is that construction costs rose by 15 percent from 1992 to 1995, which is much higher than the consumer inflation rate of 8 percent during the same period. Agriculture jobs, including self-employed, showed a 6.6 percent decline in the first eleven months of 1995 from the same period in 1994. In

Status of Qualitative Research in Early Childhood Education and Development (Eced) Essay Example

Status of Qualitative Research in Early Childhood Education and Development (Eced) Essay Example Status of Qualitative Research in Early Childhood Education and Development (Eced) Essay Status of Qualitative Research in Early Childhood Education and Development (Eced) Essay The field of human development has recently gained considerable importance globally. This results in shifting the contemporary educational discourse, one that moves ECED closer to the front of policy formation. Literature shows that developed nations are investing enormous resources into their early intervention programs, hence, during the last decade international aid agencies, and some education systems, have promoted the creation and expansion of ECED programs in developing nations too. With the innovations in ECED, there has been conducted a large number of researches to form an objective theoretical foundation (Penn, 2004) to support this advancement. Following passage presents the literature review on the status of qualitative research in the field of ECED. The reviewed articles were published in 3 international journals, Early Years, Early Education and Development and Early Childhood Education Journal during 2005-2010. The first two journals are published by Rutledge and the last one is published by Springer. The starting point for the literature review was library data base of IED, which permitted access to full text articles. Large no of qualitative studies were found in each journal however, for the present review, only 25 of them were selected on the basis of different research traditions within qualitative paradigm. 15 of them are reviewed for the present task and bibliography of the remaining articles is attached with this paper. The review of the selected research articles is presented in the perspective of trend seen in the topic addressed, methodology used and other critical findings. Present review of literature reveals that during year 2005- 2010 a variety of topics related to ECED have been addressed in the qualitative research paradigm. For the purpose of this review the topics are divided into different themes based on their focus. Stakeholders’ perceptions of early childhood setting are explored in various studies. For example, children perception of their ECED and their transition to formal schools are presented in (Linklater. 006), perceptions of parents regarding their choices of early years education for their children are discussed in (Ceglowski, Shears Furman, 2010), similarly, Rentzou Ziganitidou, (2009) in their study focused on experiences of ECED teachers, moreover, their own and societal perceptions regarding teaching in early years classrooms were also explored. Additionally, teaching and learning processes of early years were studied by (Ahn Filipenko, 2007, Chana, Juana Foon, 2008 Smith 2010). Moreover, Lives and Professional Development of early years teachers were also addressed by various studies, like, Blank (2009) studied teachers’ lives and experiences in ECED center and Brown (2009) explored the Professional development of ECE teachers in relation to engagement of parents in ECED centers. Early Years Curriculum framework and related topics were also addressed in studies like Goldstein (2008) and Squibb (2010). Addition to the topics addressed, this literature review also analyzed the methodological trends within the qualitative research paradigm. Case study method was found to be the dominated tradition in this review of research articles. 10 out of 15 reviewed studies were conducted as case studies. (Blank, 2009; Brown, Knoche, Edwards Sheridan, 2009; Ceglowski, Shears Furman, 2010; Chana, Juana Foon, 2008; Goldstein, 2008; Ranz-Smith, 2007; Saracho, 2008; Shield, 2009; Quintero, 2010 Squibb, 2010). As compare to high number of case studies only 2 were conducted as ethnographical studies (Linklater, 2006 Trawick-Smith, 2010), similarly, Ahn Filipenko (2007) and Garavuso (2006) were phenomenological studies. Moreover, some writers haven’t given their sampling procedure explicitly, however, majority of studies have used purposive sampling based on the purpose of their studies ( Ahn Filipenko, 2007; Garavuso, 2006 Linklater, 2006). Throughout the review it was found that within the qualitative approach to triangulate the data multiple strategies were used. Among multiple methods of data collection observation and semi-structured interviews remained the dominant strategies; however, some of the researchers have also analyzed related documents and artifacts. In some studies anecdotal notes and reflective journals are also used to get more comprehensive data. Addition to these, in the phenomenological and ethnographic studies participant observations were used as compare to the case studies where the researcher took the role of non-participant observer (Maxwell, 1997). Moreover, in majority of the studies interviews and discussions were audio taped and observations were videotaped. After the transcription of the data in some of the studies, data was rechecked by the esearch participants, which, is important to maintain reliability and validity of the collected data (Robson, 2002). Addition to this, ethical considerations like, maintaining the confidentiality of the research participants, prior permission for interviews, respecting participants’ autonomy were taken into consideration throughout the studies; however, none of the writer could describe their ethical framework in more detail, probably due to the word limits. Another very critical trend was found between the backgrounds of the researchers. All 0f the qualitative researches were being conducted by the people related to the field of ECED, however, only 1 of the studies were conducted by the ECED practitioner who teaches in the ECED classroom (Linklater, 2006). Most of the researchers are working as a faculty of education departments in various universities (Ahn Filipenko 2007, Chana, Juana Foon 2008, Goldstein 2008, Blank 2009, Brown 2009, Shields 2009, Trimis Sava 2009, Ceglowski, Shears Furman, 2010 Smith 2010 Squibb 2010) who no doubt have extensive experience in working in the field of ECED, but, one can argue that how much implications these studies carried out by someone from university would carry to the real classroom contexts where the ECED practitioners are making efforts to make difference in the lives of the young children. Additionally, literature review also revealed that all most all of the qualitative researches were conducted in western contexts. This exploration has serious implications for the ECED practitioners and the education systems in developing countries particularly Pakistan who is novice in the field and need to be acquainted with research based knowledge in order to strive in the field. In conclusion, the present literature review revealed informative findings regarding status of qualitative research in the field of ECED during the past 5 years in the selected journals. Case study being the well-established research strategy (Robson, 2002) was found to be dominant research tradition, hence, this also implies that qualitative researchers need to use other traditions of qualitative research particularly life histories and grounded theories in order to present more holistic picture of ECED and its important factors. ?